Analysis of Modality in Language

Analysis of Modality in Language Student: VÕ TH THU NGÂN 1. Rationale: The more developing social is, the more multiform language research is. There are many things to read between the lines of the meaning of words or sentences when using them for communication in the real life. Modality is an issue which maybe makes learners to have difficulties in studying a language. Besides it is an interesting topic for language researchers. Why is it interesting? In this assignment, I would like to put my focus on the sights of modality in language to have the answer for that above question. 2. Aims of the study The study is aimed at: Indentifying specific kinds of modality in language, special in English Help learner to have the general picture in language. 3. Scope of the study Because of my limited time and knowledge, I would like to put my focus on modality in languages within common sentences in the real life. I will give a general introduction about modality and concentrate on the analysis of the figure sentences in some English sentences which will be compared to Vietnamese ones. 4. Research methods and data collection: 4.1. Research design: In this study, the quantitative methods will be used to classify and analyze data to find out the modality in English and Vietnamese sentences. In addition, descriptive method is used to give a detailed description of modality in English sentences. And finally, comparative method is used to figure out some similaraties and differences between English and Vietnamese sentences. 4.2. Data Collection: This research is restricted to language. Data for this research are collected from different types of sentences taken from the grammar books( in English or Vietnamese) or in the real life. The data is likely to provide a detailed description of how modality is used in different sentences. 4. 3 Design of the study The study covers the following 5 chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction- provides the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research question, the scope of the study and the organization of the study. Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Background- gives literature review and theoretical background where a review of previous studies related to the thesis is carried out and the theoretical background of the study is provided. Chapter 3 Methodology- describes the methods and procedures of the study. It also deals with the design of the research, data collection, data analysis and the reliability and validity of the study. Chapter 4 Finding and Discussion- presents the findings and discussions, which concentrates on grammar structure to show two types of modality. Chapter 5 Conclusions and Implications- includes the summary of the major findings of the study and the implications for the meaning of the sentences which consist of modality. 2.1 Modality There are some views on modality. It can be defined particularly which based on from which points of views people understand the term. According to Frawley and Charles (1992)modality is a semantic phenomenon, expressing the attitude and state of knowledge about a proposition while Bybee (1985)defined as modality is what the speaker is doing with the whole proposition and Halliday (1985) presented modality means the speakers judgment of the probabilities, the obligations or so on, involving in what he/she is saying. Modality, according to Palmer (1986), is defined as semantic information associated with the speakers attitude or opinion about what is said. He gave the point of the fact that modality concerns the factual status of proposition. Besides, it maybe consists of mood: Further it is very important to speak of mood only if the attitude of mind is shown in the form of the verb: mood thus is a syntactic, not a notional category (Jaspers). In another hand, modality are sorts of a semantic issue because it presents the attitude of the speaker or theory about the fact of status of a proposition; however, mood is a grammatical phenomenon within this theory or attitude is showed morphologically. Learners can see clearly in opposite forms of words in English. According to Searle (1969), in his research he shows a structure of the sides of modality to discuss. For instance, he decorates assertive within terms of the belief of the speaker or commitment to the fact of proposition. He agreed that directives and commissives are related to deontic modality while expressive, assertive and declaratives have the relationship with epistemic modality. There are two views in a common thinking when it is said or spoken out from the speaker or writer: the propositional content and the non-propositional content which expresses the speaker attitude and opinion toward the content of proposition(Hoa, 2004). The main carriers of modality are a set of auxiliary verbs called modals: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought to. Modality is encoded in various other expressions, too: possibly, probably, have (got) to, need to and be able to. For examples, a. You must apologize. ( obligation) b. You can come in now. (permission) c. Shes not able to see you until Tuesday. (feasibility) 2.2 Types of modality The different language researchers had tried to give the ways with the different types of modality in order to arrange them into the different categories. However, this way is only a small group of classification of modalitys meaning without the general partition of the largest meaning of modality. According Nguyen Van Hiep, he provided 3 types of modality in Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡m trà ¹ tà ¬nh thà ¡i trong ngà ´n ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯: alethic, deontic and epistemic which are mentioned by many researchers. However, in some studies, most of researchers told about deontic and epistemic were popular. They share 2 sides: subjectivity and non-factuality (Hoa, 2004). So, this study also focuses on these types of modality. Epistemic Nguyen Hoa (2004)indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he/ she says.It means that Epistemic, which is derived from the Greek word meaning understanding or knowledge, refers to the type of modality that indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he says. Palmer (1986) also suggests that epistemic modality should relate to modal system to indicate the degree of commitment the extent to which the truth of proposition is possible. We can see this degree in two sentences: John may be in the office. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ here explains foruncertainly/a possible conclusion of speakerin the speculative sentence (a) through using the modal verb may. John must be in the office. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢In the deductive sentence (b), this degree here is the only possible conclusion of speaker which is showed in the word must. By two examples above, it is not difficult to indicate the degree of the commitment when speaker says. Furthermore, Palmer also provides that epistemic can be described as possibility-based. It is interested in belief, knowledge or truth, etc and consists of no element of with. According to Palmer, there are two kinds of epistemic commitment such as judgement and evidential. About judgement, the creator relates to possibility and necessity and the judgements appear to be more subjective because the commitment comes from the speaker knowledge or belief. We look at two below sentences together. Here: She is likely to be late. (English) Cà ³ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nà  y tà  u Ä‘Ã £ chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡y. (Vietnamese) likely and cà ³ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ are two words used to describe the commitment of speaker. He think that she (a) maybe goes to late and maybe basing on the time the train run away (b). He believes that and that is his thinking in his mind. So, it seems likely more subjective not sure, not exactly for listener. If judgement concerns of subjective, evidential relates to objectively. It is encoded the ground on which a speaker makes an overtly qualified assertion and represents a proposition more objectively. Ex:They say the match has been called off. Nghe nà ³i hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯n Ä‘Ã £ bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœn. It is clear that speaker has a particular evident to give out his word. By using the third speaker, his word has the higher belief. Therefore, when speaker does not ensure the truth of what he/she says, he often chose one of four to say what he is thinking: What speaker surmises What speaker reasons What speaker is reported by another What speaker is felt by his/ her sense We can interpret these ideas by using some sentences with: I think thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ They say thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It seemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As a resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Givà ³n thinks that epistemic modality is built by evident and thinking ability. Here, we can say more about proposition which is not clear because it is used to show a statement which is a current affair, foreground or background. For instance, They say the match has been called off. The math-called off- in the first listening, listener perhaps think that there is no subjective in this word. Specially, the speaker does not show any commitments in his word but only gives the problem by evident they say. It seems that subjective modality does not appear here. However, this is also seen a type of commitment because giving the evident is a commitment which has degree-indirect commitment. In short, epistemic modality gives the status of the speaker for the truth what he says which is based on evidences of judgments he takes. Deontic Deontic is also a type of modality which is the dimension of: obligation, permission, prohibition, etc. Ex: You mustnt do it its against the law. Bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡nh nhà ¢n cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c yà ªn tÄ ©nh. Through these examples here, we can see that deontic can be characterized as necessity-based or obligation-based. According to Nguyen Hoa, it is concerned with action and contains an element of will. In the sentence, for instance, you mustnt do it its against the law, it wants to say the obligation of the action: dont do it is necessary because if you do it, you will break the rules. Obligation and different degree of obligation can be express by other verbs of adjectives as well. In English, speaker can say need to/ ought to/ have to/ should/ can/ must/etc while in Vietnamese, speaker can use bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t buà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢c, phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i, cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™, cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n, hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You must complete your homework before you go to school. Con phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i là  m xong bà  i tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nhà   rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c Ä‘i chÆ ¡i nhà ©. According to Nguyen Hoa, there will have many grammatical types of deontic modality. The first type consists of imperatives and directives where we try to get people to do things. To illustrate, we have seen two examples: Ex: You ought to leave now.(1) Nà ³ phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i Ä‘i ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ § sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm. (2) Both of them mean getting listener to do action leave (1) and go to bed (2). Subjects must be compulsory, not deny or postpone the given request. Another type is commissives where commit ourselves to do things which surface as declaratives since they concerned with action. Ex: I will give you a hand.(3) Tà ´i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©asà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ cà ³ mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t Ä‘Ã ºng già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ .(4) These sentences here present the undertaking of the speaker. However, speaker cannot do the action in the future while (1) and (2) speaker obligates this action. By explaining the above, epistemic modality is interested in the truth, the belief of knowledge. In contrast, deontic modality is interested in the action. For example: You should do your homework. You must do your homework. In these examples, the participants are urges as expressed by the subjects of the sentences, to changing degrees, to form an action. CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN The study was given out with the qualitative and quantitative approaches so as to response its aims and objectives. The research design is planned to carry out such important things as: Describing and comparing the collected data for finding out the types of modality. Finding out the showing types of modality through the point of grammar structures in languages. 3.2. RESEARCH METHODS In order to get the aims and objectives of the study, the descriptive and contrastive methods are used in connection with the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The descriptive method describes the types of modality in languages. Besides, the comparative methods is used to find out the similarities as well as the differences in both of types. 3.3. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES In this study, about some sentences in English and in Vietnamese) were collected from English and Vietnamese from the real life, books. 3.4. DATA COLLECTION To meet the demands of the aims and objectives, samples of modality in English and Vietnamese were collected. All of these samples were gathered from a lot of words on different documental collections. 3.5. DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is considered to be a very important part to point out the modality consists of the following steps: Describing qualitatively and quantitatively the data collected. Using sentences to analyze the linguistic features of modality Comparing and finding out the similarities and differences between the epistemic modality and deontic modality 3.6. RESEARCH PROCEDURE The study procedures were carried out as follows: Reviewing the previous studies thoroughly and identifying the research scope. Collecting sentences from the real life, books. Picking out some sentences explanation in English languages. Comparing and pointing out the similarities and differences in types of modality. 3.7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY In terms of reliability, the data are collected from in the circumstances in the real life( ensure about grammar) and collected from the books with the name of author, the time, the place of publication where the quotation comes from. It means that the quality of the data is reliable. Besides, the findings and conclusions in the study are taken from the analysis of frequency of samples and proofs concerned without any prejudices and presuppositions. For this reason, the objectivity of the study is assured. All collected sentences in this thesis could be representative. In addition, the analyses in the study have always been conducted in the light of theoretical background to ensure the quality of the study. 3.8. CONCLUDING In short, such parts as research design, data collection and data analysis are mentioned in detail in this chapter. Moreover, research procedures as well as reliability and validity are also presented specifically. Thus, the discussion of findings in chapter 4 could be described and compared scientifically thanks to the careful and reasonable preparation of this chapter. CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION Showing types of modality in performing sentences How do epistemic modality and deontic modality represent in systems of sentence meaning. It is used to form strong expression or to evoke the mind of the words. In contrast, in the term of grammar to create a sentence, there are various different points of grammatical theory. So, this study will present some points of view where modality is shown in grammar system to perform a sentence with complete meaning about epistemic or deontic modality. 4.1 Personal modality According to Quirks classification, there is another subcomponent of the interpersonal related to those features involving the speakers own contribution to the representational meaning of the sentence. 4.1.1 Form modality markers According to Nguyen Hoa, the speaker can participate by offering his comment on the form f what he is saying, defining in some way under what condition he is speaking. For examples: Nà ³i thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ³ng, cà ´ à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y là   ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i à ­ch kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ °. (1) Frankly, Im tired. (2) In these Vietnamese and English sentences, speaker has a personal attitude for a person who both speaker and listener know to give comment (1). In the second example, similarity speaker also shows his own attitude. We can see that epistemic modality in this sentence because it shows the speakers belief with the truth in the sentence. We have modal adverbs to make the form-modality markers : frankly, confidentially, generally, honestly, candidlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ex: Personally, I dont like your plan. 4.1.2 Content-modality markers Nguyen Hoa also explains more about this issue. He says that the speaker can give comment on the extent to which he believes that what he is saying is true. For example: To our surprise, he arrived home late. (Nguyen Hoa, 2004, p.181) In this example, speaker expresses his attitude on the extent to our surprise to which he is saying. Here only has our it means the limited field in someone (consist of speaker and listeners staying in this time) In the content- modality markers, it is divided into two types and each type has some words to indicate modality more easily. The first type is the degree of belief: Ex: Surely, he can solve his problem by himself. (I am sure thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Express primarily a subjective view on the truth of what he is saying is truth: certainly, admittedly, surely, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably. Ex: Clearly, he can solve his problem by himself. ( Its clear to me thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Markers of degree of convictions as open to objective evidence: clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly. Ex: Technically, he can solve his problem by himself. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Markers of reality or lack of reality in what is said: actually, officially, technically, theoretically. The second type is comment other than on the truth value of what is said. Without necessary implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence or indeed to the speaker. Ex: Hopefully, John returned home yesterday. -> John was hopeful in doing so -> That someone else was hopeful as a result of Johns action. Other markers: annoyingly, curiously, funnily enough, happily, hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly With an implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence. Ex: Wisely, John returned home yesterday. -> The speaker considers the action as wise and he also considers John wise for doing the action. Other markers: wrongly, rightly. 4.2 Modal lexical verbs Palmer (1986, p. 183) considered: in some languages such as English for one, there exist some modal lexical verbs with complement clauses which can be used performatively to indicate the attitudes and opinions of the speaker. mostly verbs with a 1st subject. For instances: I believe that he will become a good student. (epistemic) That he will become a good student in the sentence is the object of the main verb believe. This verb expresses the thinking of the speaker. So, this sentence creates the epistemic modality. It is the same the above example, we has another sentence: I request you to clean your room immediately. (deontic) It is interested that the form of this sentence is the same the form of the above sentence. You to clean your room immediately is the objective of the main verb of the sentence request. However, this sentence here brings the deontic modality because it has the actions concentration. 4.3 Modality in subordinate clause All English learners know that subordinate clause consists of nominal clause, adverbial clause and adjectival clause. How do we indicate modality in subordinate clause? We have example below: I believe that she did the right thing. The verb believe is a lexical verb, and it expresses belief. The clause that she did the right thing is a subordinate clause and shows the belief about what. It presents the belief more than the action or it is the epistemic modality. By this explanation, the subordinate clause presents the proposition whereas the main lexical verb indicates modality. DISCUSSION How to distinguish between epistemic modality and deontic modality in modal words? English is a language which is rather rich in modal words, especially modal verbs such as:may, might, will, would, should, must, ought to, need, can, could. These verbs have a number of meanings, for example, the verb MUST can express both epistemic and deontic modality: a. Heaven must be at work now. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ must expresses a strong commitment on the part of the speaker to the truth of the proposition. (Heaven is at work.) b. You must finish your homework before going to bed. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢It is about an obligation on the part of the person denoted by you, the statement is about action to be accomplished. (You do your homework.) For modal verbs in the past, deontic modality also is also expressed in the past action. For instance: You should have gone to the meeting yesterday (Hiep (2007),cited on Lyons, p.824) Deontic modality is presented in the appreciation with the action in the past. In this utterance, speaker does not obligate listener to go to the yesterday meeting, he only confirms that in the point before the present time, listener was in the circumstance which listener had to go to the meeting. Therefore, we did the action which was a confirmation. In which general, we can admit the distinguishing between epistemic modality and deontic modality which is based on three 3 items: necessary, ability and reality. This chapter gives a conclusion for this study. First, the issues given in this assignment are discussed. Second, the recommendations and suggestions for further study are made. In general, it is quite difficult to understand fully and profoundly those types because they relate to the grammar feature, ways to use different languages in the real life. The difficulty in learning a language is to understand the meaning of it exactly because the meaning of a word is diversified when it is used to form a sentence. English is a language spoken in many countries and modality shown is multiform. This is based on the purpose of the user. This study indicates the interesting point of modality in language, especially in English and Vietnamese a little. By illustration, language learners can understand more about researching with the sides of meaning related to two types of modality. All what have been referred to in this paper come from the limited understanding and ability. It is, however, hoped that this study will be a small contribution to figure out the interesting significance of the modality of the present international language and a reference to those who are interested in learning and researching language. Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology. Armsterdam: Benjamins. Frawley, Charles, C. (1992). Linguistic semantics. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. Hiep, N. V. (2007). Mot so pham tru tinh thai trong ngong ngu. Tap chi Ngon Ngu. Hoa, N. (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Ha Noi: Nxb. Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and Modality. Cambridge: CPU. Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge and New York: CPU.

Arithmetic Mean and Control Groups Essay

1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurements? Marital status should be the interval level of measurement. The distance between being single and married is significant when it comes to fatigue and shared duties if the married couples are living together. 2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate? Both the experimental and control groups used means and standard deviations to describe the length of labor. Yes these statistics are appropriate. 3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. Mode could also have been used in this study and it would have provided an insight to the most common length of labor. Median would be more informative as it would provide the middle point for labor length. 4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and control groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. I do not believe so. The standard deviation for the experimental group was only slightly higher at 7. 78hrs than that of the control group’s 7. 2hrs, however the mean of the experimental group of 14. 63hrs is much higher than the control group’s 12. 70hrs. Having an average labor time of almost 2 hours more is significant. Having a similar SD suggests very similar outliers in each group with no radical deviation. 5. Were the experimental and control groups similar in their type of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes. Bottle-feeding was the mode for the experimental (53. 1%) and the control (50%) groups since it was the most frequent type of feeding used by both groups 6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups. â€Å"Married† is the highest mode for both groups in the study In the experimental group, the frequency 25 and 78. 1% In the control group, the frequency 31 and 86. 1% 7. Could a median be determined for the education data? If so, what would the median be for education for the experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for answer Yes. Education variables have a median equal to 11 for the experimental group and the median equal to 13 for Control group. The control group has more high school education than the experimental group 8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample results are not reflective of black women due to predominantly White, 92% and 96. 55% in both the experimental and control groups. 9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group? Because the data is lacking accuracy due to missing variables. 10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer. The sample of the study was not adequately described because the experimental group numbers do not add up to 32 and the control group do not have a total of 36 subjects. Also the percentages also do not add up to 100% due to missing data.

The Difference Between Criminal Justice And Criminology

During this semester, I have learned a lot about criminology. I have learned the difference between criminal Justice and Criminology. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior (Hagan p.453). Criminal Justice on the other hand is the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all stages of criminal proceedings and punishment (Criminal justice | Define Criminal justice at Dictionary.com). It is also seen as the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Criminology has furthermore taught me about the†¦show more content†¦Brothels was established in china, Ancient Greece, Hetairai and Rome. In 500-1499 many countries started to criminalize, abolish and regulate prostitution. England and Castile were two places who started to regulate prostitut ion. England established laws that protected the women. One law was that they could not force them into prostitution or into having sex. Between 1350 and 1450 cities started to open up Municipal Brothels. In the 1490s syphilis was During the Middle Ages prostitution was welcomed and tolerated by the Protestant Reformation as a necessary evil. It was taxed by the church and a good source of revenue during this time. . In the 1490s syphilis broke out in Europe which cause people to focus in on public health. The emergence of syphilis and Protestant Ethic began to prohibit prostitution. The concept of sin were translated into notions of crime. Prostitution thrived internationally, even though it was prohibited. In different cultures, certain prostitutes were welcomed like the Hetacrae, Lupanaria, Devadasis and the Geishas. They were often educated, trained entertainers and religious performers. In 1617, Japan created Red-light districts which was an area where the legal brothels could gather to keep them out-of-the-way. There are several types of prostitutes and settings that involve women. Brothel prostitutes, Bar girls, Streetwalkers â€Å"hookers†, Massage parlor prostitutes, call girls, and madams are ones that are much known throughout

Leading Up To The Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 527 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? By the year 1860 the post-Revolutionary War generations of America had finally eroded their Union with their political zeal and rising anxiety over the reason for which the nation even existed. There were many fears present from the outset, ranging from the fear of corrupt usage of public power to the fear of a collapsing economy, and they would grow alongside the nations borders with slavery being the sticking point. In this book Elizabeth R. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Leading Up To The Civil War" essay for you Create order Varon, a professor of American History at the University of Virginia, explores how the seeds of disunion were always present within the new United States. She does an exceptional job of providing critical assessments of the most recent scholarship, and while aware of other issues in the politics of America at the time, considers slavery to have been the central issue that led to the splitting of the United States. As Varon notes early on in her book, a desire to put an end to slavery could be seen even in the very beginnings of the republic. While it was legal in each of the first thirteen colonies, the economic concerns differing by section meant that the practice was not central to the economies of every colony. With Northern states being much less dependent on the institution of slavery they would inevitably be where the call for abolition would spread the most quickly, and of course the Southern states which were more dependent on slavery would become increasingly defensive. There was debate over the issue even during the crafting of the Constitution, but when some representatives from the South threatened not to join the Union were slavery to be prohibited in their states the idea was discarded for then, showing how divisive the topic was. The author points to how disunion was appealed to as a threat in many other instances, initially by those seeking to maintain the institution of slavery and eventually by those looking to abolish it. Both the proslavery and abolitionist sides wished for their threats to intimidate the other to the point that they would make concessions. With this having been said, Varon suggests that disunion was not used only as a threat but also as an accusation. When she does, she refers to the problems faced by those that called for an immediate end to slavery- how they were widely considered to be for a program that would lead to rebellions by slaves. Proslavery mouthpieces would contrast the possibility of a civil war, the result of continued abolitionist activity, with the alternative of prosperity that would follow were such activity to cease. With disunion being touted as a lead up to a civil war and it being suggested that such a war would be worth what it might cost it seems clear that there was such resolve on both sides of the issue that there was little which could have been done to avoid the young Union ripping itself in two. To the degree that she manages to amalgamate the various ways in which disunion was used leading up to the Civil War, Varon succeeds in reframing the discussion about what it was that brought the nation there.

Substance Abuse Is A Problem That Has Over Time Dogged...

Table of Contents 1. Background 3 2. Introduction 3 3. Statistical and Analysis 4 3.1 Summary of Data 4 3.2 Analysis of Data 5 4. Implications and Recommendations 9 References 11 Background Substance abuse is a problem that has over time dogged institutions of higher learning. There is a cause for alarm based on the recent misuse of prescription medication as well as the legalization of marijuana in certain states. This is a cause of concern for businesses because it affects the future supply of graduates. It is estimated that 46 per cent of U.S. college students have in one way or the other involved in some type of substance abuse. Rocky University has, for several years, not been spared by the menace. It is even believed in some faculties of the university that the menace is more common at the university that it is in any other. On the other hand, there are members of the faculty who are of the belief that it is not such a big problem. This study was conducted to assess the current situation of substance abuse behavior of the Rocky students. To achieve the objective of this study, an anonymous exit survey was administered to a sample of 90 students from the current ye ar’s graduating class. Data gathered was analyzed to probe into the three concern areas of substance abuse. Introduction This report comprises data summary and analysis of the students by gender who participated in binge drinking, those who abused prescription medication, and used illegal or illicitShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I?Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesUniversity, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, AssociateRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagescase if there had been no boom; that is, without those effects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making. It has presented chief executive officers (CEOs) and management leaders in all markets and industries with new intricacies in deciding how to weigh and time the business decisions—and the quality of those decisions—that increasingly challenge their companies’ basic survival. W HICH FACTORS

Reflections on Libertarianism Free Essays

Libertarianism As a Christina view, in the beginning of the time, â€Å"For in Him all things were created: things in Heaven and on Earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through Him and for Him† (Colossians 1: 16). Human beings were created by God with one purpose to worship to Him. God knew that the first man and woman were going to fall down in the enemy temptation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflections on Libertarianism or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why He created every single thing perfectly. However, we study the history through the Bible or other kind of books. We will see that few people fallowed that commitment and other people did things that are not pleasing to Him. God hoped to receive worship from them, but it was not like that. God is a gentleman, He never is going to force us to do things that we do not want to do. He gave us freedom or freewill to do whatever we want to and chooses between the good or evil. Every single human’s act will have its reward. As the Scriptures says that there are two ways, a big one and small one. In the big way, many people go in that direction because is easier; however, it drives to the perdition. The small way is the opposite form (Mathew 7: 13-14). The human’s stages start born, growing, reproducing, and dying. While, the people still alive, â€Å"Each mind is a world† (Kay, 1998, p. 163). We do different things from others and we do not care what others think about us because we have libertarianism. What is libertarianism? â€Å"It is a particular account of the metaphysics of human choice† (Stewart, Blocker Petrik, 2012, p. 154). The libertarianism is also used in philosophy and it can refer to the freedom, liberty, right, and freewill. They are fundamental goods that governments should be extremely slow to restrict them. Long time ago, there were many slaves did not count with those goods, they knew to work for someone. We can imagine that it was hard to live in that time, now we see different when someone left from the jail and the person is free. He stills happy and he does not want to come back again. As human beings have the knowledge to understand which things are bad and good. Libertarianism has pro and con or for and against. For example, I go to buy a used video game to Game Stop, I am going to buy it because I want it or like it, and I do not care other people think about me. In this example there are both. The pro could be that it is cheaper than the new one, but the con may be does not work well. â€Å"‘I have the right to do anything,’ you say—but not everything is beneficial. ‘I have the right to do anything’—but not everything is constructive† (Corinthians 10: 23). Libertarianism is based on the principles of Self-Ownership. It means that I have to live my own life and let others live their lives. Self-Ownership is to deny, this is to imply that another person has a higher claim on your life than you do† (Norquist, 2005). No, other person or group of people, own your life nor do you own the lives of others. For example a person exist in times and it is manifest as; past (product of your life and liberty), present (freedom or rights) and future (l ife). If we lose the life, then we lose our future. However, if we lose the freedom, then we lose the present or if we lose the product of our life, then we lose the past that includes our knowledge. The product if our life and our liberty is our property. Property is the fruit of our labor and the product of the time, talents, and energy. As a human being, property is part of us; it is our nature, which we turn to valuable use. At times, some people use force or fraud to take form other without voluntary consent. Examples of them are: if someone takes the life of other is murder, about liberty is slavery and property is theft. We have the right to protect our own lives, liberty and property from the forceful aggression of others. Also, we can ask for help to others to defend us (parents) because they never want bad thing for their children. Nevertheless, we have to be sure that we are not initiating to force against the life, liberty, and property of others. We have the right to seek for a leader for ourselves to drive us, but we do not have rights to impose rulers onto others. Since we our own life, we are responsible for our lives. We do not ret our lives from other humans who demand obedience. We studied in the beginning the God created us and just to Him we should show up obedience and worship to Him; however we do not do it. We are living in the grace time that is why God does not destroy us yet. For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ† (John 1: 17). Nor are we slaves form others who demand our sacrifice. In our lives, we choose our own goals based on our own vales, those values can go downs and ups; however we will reach one of the goal. Success and failure both are necessary incentives to learn and to grow. Our actions on behalf of others or their actions behalf of us, it is virtuous only when it is derived firm voluntary, mutual and consent. For virtue just can exist only where there is free choice. It is not only the most practical and humanitarian foundation for human action, it is also the most ethical. The problems in the world that arise from initiation of force by government have a solution. The solution is for the people of the Earth to stop asking government officials and initiate force on their behalf. Evil does not arise only form evil people, but also from good people who tolerant the initiation of forces as means to their own ends. In this manner, good people have empowered evil people through the history. Achieving a free society requires courage to think, to talk and to act. I do not understand what I do. For what I want to do I do not do, but what I hate I do† (Romans 7: 15). References (1998). King James Bible. (KJV ed. , Vol. Deuteronomy). Nashville, TN: Cornerstone Bible Publishers. Kay B. Warren (1998). Indigenous movements and their critics. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 41 Street Princeton, New Jersey 08540. 163. Norquist, G. (2005). Owne rship Can Be Revolutionary. American Enterprise,  16(2), 50. Stewart, D. , Blocker, G. H. , Petrik, J. (2012). Fundamentals of philosophy. (8th ed. ed. ). New York: Pearson. How to cite Reflections on Libertarianism, Papers

Advantage On Formulation Business Strategy -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Advantage On Formulation Business Strategy? Answer: Introduction The current business scenario poses huge and diverse challenges for the business organizations. Moreover, the airline industry is one of the most competitive sectors with having huge number of competitors in the market. Thus, it is of the urgent need for the airliners to have effective business strategy to survive in the competition (Svarova Vrchota, 2014). Business strategy refers to the process of formulating specific strategies being undertaken by the business organizations in order to achieve the long term objectives. This essay will compare the business strategy of Emirates and Etihad airlines. Etihad airways involves the mainly the product differentiation in the strategy. This is due to the reason that, they are trailing behind the big competitors such as Emirates and Qatar airways. Thus, initiation of the differentiation strategy will help them to create distinctive brand image in the market. Majority of the competitors of Etihad are operating mainly the wide body aircrafts and thus they are not catering to the small routes. Etihad airways are having narrow body aircrafts also in their portfolio. This helps them to cater to the small routes also. On the other hand, Emirates involves the growth strategy in order to achieve the status of market leadership in the global market (Emirates growth strategy on track, 2018). They have already achieved the market leadership in the market of Middle-East. Thus, they are involving growth strategy in order to enhance their market share in the global market also. The financial position of them also supports the huge investments being required for the initiation of the growth strategy. Reference Emirates growth strategy on track. (2018).Emirates.com. Retrieved 9 February 2018, from https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-growth-strategy-on-track vrov, M., Vrchota, J. (2014). Influence of competitive advantage on formulation business strategy.Procedia Economics and Finance,12, 687-694.